Iron, a golden lead in cancer research

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Iron is indispensable for nearly every living organism. In humans, it plays a critical role in:

  • Oxygen transport (via hemoglobin)
  • DNA synthesis and repair
  • Mitochondrial energy production
  • Immune system function
  • Cell growth and division

However, iron’s chemical reactivity is a double-edged sword.

Iron and Oxidative Stress

Iron can easily gain and lose electrons. This property allows it to facilitate vital biochemical reactions—but also enables it to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) through reactions such as the Fenton reaction.

Excessive ROS can:

  • Damage DNA
  • Alter proteins
  • Disrupt cell membranes
  • Promote mutations

DNA damage caused by oxidative stress is a well-established contributor to cancer development. As a result, the body tightly regulates iron absorption, storage, and recycling.

Iron Homeostasis: A Delicate Balance

The human body contains approximately 3–4 grams of iron, most of it locked safely within proteins.

Key Players in Iron Regulation

  • Hemoglobin – carries oxygen in red blood cells
  • Ferritin – stores iron safely inside cells
  • Transferrin – transports iron through the bloodstream
  • Hepcidin – the master hormone controlling iron absorption and release

Disruption in this system can lead to:

  • Iron deficiency → anemia, fatigue, impaired immunity
  • Iron overload → tissue damage, inflammation, increased cancer risk

Cancer researchers are particularly interested in how tumors manipulate iron metabolism to fuel their growth.

Why Cancer Loves Iron

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